Authors' Preface . iii
Translator's Preface . v
Preliminaries . vii

Special Features of Korean Grammar and Sentence Structure

• 1. Part of speech in Korean . 1
• 2. Special Features of Korean Grammar . 4
• 3. Basic Sentence Structure of Korean . 6
  • 1) Basic Sentence Types . 6
  • 2) Constituent Elements of Sentence Structure . 6
  • 3) Korean Sentence Structure Types . 14

Nouns

• 1. Noun Functions . 19
• 2. Noun Type . 20
• 3. Bound Nouns/20
  • 1) Nouns Always Used Dependently . 21
  • 2) Free Forms which also function as Bound Nouns/Post-Modifiers . 64

Pronouns

• 1. Personal Pronouns/83
• 2. Demonstrative Pronouns/85

Numerals

• 1. Cardinal Numerals/89
  • 1) Pure Korean Cardinal Numerals . 90
  • 2) Sino-Korean Numerals . 92

• 2. Ordinal Numerals/93
  • 1) Pure Korean Ordinal Numerals . 93
  • 2) Sino-Korean Ordinal Numerals . 94

Verbs

• 1. Action Verbs . 97
• 2. Descriptive Verbs . 98
• 3. The Copula "be" . 99
• 4. The Verb "exist" . 101
• 5. Verb Conjugation . 102
  • 1) What is Conjugation . 102
  • 2) Conjugation Classes . 102
  • 3) Conjugation and Suffixes. 104
  • 4) Irregular Verbs . 104

Adnominals

• 1. Demonstrative Adnominals . 115
• 2. Numerical Adnominals . 116
• 3. Descriptive Adnominals . 116

Adverbials

• 1. Classification of Adverbs according to Meaning . 119
  • 1) Time Adverbs. 119
  • 2) Frequency Adverbs . 120
  • 3) General Adverbs. 121
  • 4) Degree Adverbs. 122

• 2. Classification of Adverbs according to Method of Word-formation . 122
  • 1) Non-derived Adverbs . 123
  • 2) Derived Adverbs . 124
  • 3) Interrogative~Indefinite Adverbs and Negative Adverbs . 128
  • 4) Conjunctive Adverbs . 129
  • 5) Mimetic Adverbs . 137

• 3. Adverbial Forms of Verbs via Inflection/138
• 4. Position of Adverbials/139

Exclamations

• 1. They express the instinctive surprise or emotion of the speaker . 141
• 2. Exclamations are used to call or reply to others . 142
• 3. Exclamations include words which are used as a short of empty filler hedge . 142

Particles

• 1. Case Particles . 144
  • 1) Subject Particle . 144
  • 2) Object Particle . 146
  • 3) Complement Particle . 148
  • 4) Adnominal Particle . 148
  • 5) Adverbial Particle . 149
  • 6) Vocative Particle . 158

• 2. Connective Particles . 159
• 3. Auxiliary Particles . 161

Tense

• 1. Tense Marking via Final Verb Endings . 189
  • l) Present Tense . 189
  • 2) Past Tense . 191
  • 3) Future Tense . 194
  • 4) Progressive Tense . 196

Honorifics and Humilifics

• 1. Subject Honorification/199
• 2. Speech Levels/202
  • 1) Formal Speech Level . 204
  • 2) Informal Speech Level . 207

• 3. Honorification by Means of Lexical Expressions . 210

Negation

• 1. Negation in Declarative and Interrogative Sentences . 214
• 2. Negation in Imperative and Propositive Sentences . 216
• 3. Lexical Negationn . 216
• 4. Negation in Confirmation Questions . 217

Special Expressions using Conjugational Endings

• 1. Final Endings . 219
  • 1) Final Endings and Speech Levels . 221
  • 2) Final Endings with Special Uses . 221

• 2. Conjunctive Endings . 236
• 3. Adnominal Endings . 316
• 4. Nominalizer Endings . 319
  • 1) Summative . 319

Auxiliary Verbs

• 1. Progressive Auxiliary Verbs . 340
• 2. Terminative Auxiliary Verbs . 343
• 3. Donatory Auxiliary Verbs . 348
• 4. Exploratory Auxiliary Verbs . 350
• 5. Iterative Auxiliary Verbs . 351
• 6. Retentive Auxiliary Verbs . 352
• 7. Desiderative Auxiliary Verbs . 354
• 8. Descriptive Auxiliary Verbs . 357
• 9. Negative Auxiliary Verbs . 359
• 1O. Auxiliary of Inability Verbs . 362

Passive and Causative

• 1. Passives . 364
  • 1) Short Passives . 364
  • 2) Long Passives . 365

• 2. Causatives . 366
  • 1) Short Causatives . 366
  • 2) Long Causatives . 368

Quoted Speech

• 1. Direct Quoted Speech . 372
• 2. Indirect Quoted Speech . 373
  • 1) Characteristic for Indirect Quoted Speech . 373
  • 2) Deletion of the Quotation Particle and of Dummy Verb . 380

Prefixes and Suffixes

• 1. Prefixes . 399
• 2. Suffixes . 411

Recommendations for Further Reading . 423

Index . 429